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Glossary

	Marine
	Environment


Utilities

Biomass		Plant or animal matter that can be burned to produce energy or converted into a gas and used for fuel. Biomass includes forest and mill residues, agricultural crops and wastes, wood and wood wastes, animal wastes, livestock operation residues and sewage sludge.

Brownfield		Sites with existing development or facility.

Centralised Utilities		A portfolio of critical utilities and support services ranging from power, gas, steam, demineralised water, wastewater treatment, chemical feedstock, terminaling and logistics, provided from centralised facilities to multiple customers in an industrial cluster.

Cogeneration		Co-production of steam and electricity and is often referred to as Combined Heat and Power (CHP).

Combined Cycle		Simultaneous production of thermal energy and electricity. In a combined-cycle facility, the combustion turbines) turns gas into energy. Heat from this combustion process is then used to produce steam that powers a steam turbine to generate more power.

Desalination		The process of removing salts and minerals from sea water to fit for consumption and/or industrial use.

Greenfield		Sites which have no facility or have not experienced previous development.

HGIW		High Grade Industrial Water. High quality water obtained from the treatment and polishing of tertiary industrial water using the reverse-osmosis process.

HSFO		High-Sulphur Fuel Oil. The most relevant oil benchmark for the Singapore electricity industry. Generation companies in Singapore use natural gas to fuel combined cycle gas turbines, with the contracted price of their imported gas pegged to HSFO prices.

IWPP		Independent Water and Power Producer. An entity which owns facilities to generate electric power and water for sale to utilities and customers, but which does not have a service territory or an obligation to serve customers.

Power Grid		The transmission network that link all generating plants in a region with local distribution networks to help maximise service reliability.

PPA		Power Purchase Agreement. An offtake agreement involving the generation and sales of electricity between the owner of a power plant generating the electricity and the customer.

ROC		Renewable Obligation Certificate. Issued to accredited power generators for each megawatt hour of renewable energy generated. This forms part of the UK government’s policy to promote the generation of electricity from renewable energy sources. ROCs are tradable commodities and can be a source of additional income for generators.

Service Corridors		Refers to a network of pipe racks allowing the installation of pipelines to transport various utilities to and from customers, as well as to carry products between customers.

Take-or-Pay Contract		Agreement between a buyer and seller in which the buyer still has the obligation to pay a specified amount even if the product or service is not provided.

Wastewater Treatment		Procedures using a selective combination of physical, chemical, and biological processes applied to an industrial or municipal wastewater stream for the removal of or reduction in the level of contaminants before discharge into the receiving watercourse.


Marine

Bulkers		Vessels of varying sizes that are used for transporting dry commodities.

DWT		Dead-Weight Tonnes.

FPSO		Floating Production, Storage and Offloading. These systems are tanker-like vessels moored to the ocean floor. They are able to store oil produced from subsea wells and offload the hydrocarbons to shuttle tankers, and are ideally suited for fields with limited infrastructure. FPSOs are used in deepwater and ultra deepwater endeavours.

FSO		Floating Storage and Offloading. These systems are used when oil and gas processing is performed at a separate facility.

Jack-Up Rig		Mobile, self-elevating drilling platforms with legs that are lowered to the ocean floor to provide a foundation for the drilling platform, which lies well above the surface to allow storm waves to pass underneath. They are used in water depths of less than 350 ft (shallow water).

New Buildings		The construction of all types of marine vessels. These may be ship-shaped or mobile drilling units such as jack-ups and semi-submersibles.

Semi-Submersible		Mobile floating drilling platforms. Also known as Semis. The lower hull is partially submerged and the unit is moored with wires and/or chains or is dynamically positioned. Semis are most often used for the development and exploration drilling in water depths up to 10,000 ft. Semis are used worldwide and are particularly favoured in harsh environments because of their superior motion characteristics.

Tankers		Vessels of varying sizes that are used for the transportation of crude oil.

TEU		Twenty-foot equivalent unit.

VLCC		Very Large Crude Carriers of 180,000 dwt to less than 300,000 dwt.


Environment

Construction & Demolition Waste		Waste resulting from construction and demolition activities.

ICW		Industrial & Commercial Waste. Waste resulting from industrial or commercial activities

Bio-hazardous Waste		Waste produced by hospitals, medical clinics, pharmaceutical companies and laboratories.

MSW		Municipal Solid Waste. Waste produced by households and trade premises.

Post-collection Treatment		Through various processes such as biological, mechanical or thermal treatment, valuable resources may be extracted from municipal and industrial solid waste.

Recovery		It encompasses a range of activities carried out to recover resources from waste streams. Activities are characterized by treatment and extraction of materials and/or energy through thermal, chemical, mechanical and/or biological means.

Recycling		It refers to the collection and reprocessing of used materials into new products.

Solid Recovered Fuel		Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF) is produced from combustible waste that can be stored and transported, or used directly on for power/heat generation.

Waste-to-energy Or energy from waste		Refers to any waste treatment that creates energy in the form of electricity or heat from a waste source. Such technologies reduce or eliminate waste that otherwise would be transferred to a "greenhouse gas" emitting landfill or incinerator.

Waste-to-resource		Processing of municipal and commercial solid waste and conversion into reusable materials. Processing can include separation of recyclables and non-combustible materials, shredding, size reduction, and pelletizing.